Modals in English Grammar

What are modal verbs ?

Modals also called modal verbs, modal auxiliary verbs, modal auxiliaries are special verbs which behave irregularly in English. (kata modal disebut juga modal kata kerja, kata kerja bantu modal, pembantu modal verba khusus yang berprilaku tidak teratur dalam bahasa inggris.)

They are different from normal verbs like “work,play,visit…”  (mereka berbeda dari kata kerja normal seperti “bekerja,bermain,kunjungi…”)

They give additional information about the function of the main verb that follow it (mereka memberikan informasi tambahan tentang fungsi dari kata kerja utama yang mengikutinya)

Here are some charecteristics of modal verbs : (berikut adalah beberapa characteristics verba modal)

-They never change their  form. You can’t add “s,ed,ing…” (mereka tidak pernah mengubah bentuk mereka. Anda tidak dapat menambahkan “s,ed,ing…”)

-they are always followed by an infinitive without “to” (mereka selalu diikuti dengan infinitive tanpa “untuk”)

-they are used to indicate modality allow speakers to express  (mereka digunakan untuk menunjukan modalitas memungkinkan pembicara untuk mengekspresikan )

certainty,possibility,willingness,obligation,necessity,ability (kepastian,kemungkinan,kemauan,kewajiban,keharusan,kemampuan)

List of modal verbs : (daftar kerja modal: )

Can,could,may,might,will,would,shall,should,must (bisa,bisa,mungkin,mungkin,akan,akan,akan,harus,harus)

The verbs or expression dare,ought to,had better,need not. Behave like modal auxiliaries to a large extent and my added to the above list (kata kerja atau ekspresi berani, seharusnya lebih baik,tidak perlu. Berperilaku seperti pembantu modal untuk sebagian besar dan saya ditambahkan ke daftar di atas)

Use of modal verbs : (gunakan kata kerja modal : )

Modal verbs are used to express function such as: (modal verba digunakan untuk mengekspresikan fungsi seperti : )

-permission (izin)

-ability (kemampuan)

-obligation (kewajiban)

-prohibition (larangan)

-lack of necessity (kurangnya keharusan)

-advice (nasihat)

-possibility (kemungkinan)

-prohability (kemungkinan)

- Can (bisa)

Ability to do something in the present (substitute form: to be able to) { kemampuan untuk melakukan sesuatu di masa sekarang (bentuk pengganti : untuk dapat)}

Ex : I can speak English (saya bisa berbahasa Inggris)

Permission to do something in the present (substitute form: to be allowed to) { izin untuk melakukan sesuatu di masa sekarang (bentuk pengganti : akan diizinkan untuk)}

Ex : can I go to the cinema ? (bisakah saya pergi ke bioskop ?)

Request (permintaan)

Ex : can you wait a moment, please ? (bisakah kamu menunggu sebentar, tolong ?)

Offer (menawarkan)

Ex : I can lead you my car till tomorrow (saya bisa meminjamkan mobil saya sampai besok)

Suggestion (saran)

Ex : can we visit grandma at the weekend ? (bisakah kami mengunjungi nenek di akhir pekan ?)

Possibility (kemungkinan)

Ex : it can get very hot in Arizona (itu bisa sangat di Arizona)

- Could (bisa)

Ability to do something in the past (substitute form: to be able to) {(kemampuan untuk melakukan sesuatu di masa lalu (bentuk pengganti : untuk dapat)}

Ex : I could speak English (saya bisa berbahasa Inggris)

Permission to do something in the past (substitute form : to be able to) {(izin untuk melakukan sesuatu di masa lalu (bentuk pengganti : untuk dapat )}

Ex : I could go to the cinema (saya bisa pergi ke bioskop)

Polite question (pertanyaan sopan)

Ex : could I go to the cinema, please ? (bisakah saya pergi ke bioskop, tolong?)

Polite request (permintaan sopan)

Ex : could you wait a moment, please ? (bisakah kamu tunggu sebentar, tolong?)

Polite offer (penawaran sopan)

Ex : I could lend you my car till tomorrow (aku bisa meminjamkan mobil saya sampai besok)

Polite suggestion (saran sopan )

Ex : could we visit grandma at the weekend ? (bisakah kita mengunjungi nenek di akhir pekan?)

Possibility (kemungkinan)

Ex : it could get very hot in Montana (ini bisa sangat panas di Montana)

- May (mungkin)

Possibility (kemungkinan)

Ex : It may rain today (ini mungkin hujan hari ini )

Permission to do something in the present (substitute form: to be allowed to) {(izin untuk melakukan sesuatu di masa sekarang (bentuk pengganti : akan diizinkan untuk)}

Ex : may I go to the cinema ? (mungkin aku pergi ke bioskop)

Polite suggestion (saran sopan)

Ex : may I help you ? (bisa saya bantu)

- Might (mungkinkah)

Possibility (kemungkinan)

Ex : it might rain today (mungkinkah hujan hari ini)

Hesitant offer (penawaran ragu ragu)

Ex : might I help you? (mungkinkah saya bantu)

- Must (harus)

Force,necessity (memaksa,keharusan)

Ex : I must go to the supermarket today (saya harus pergi ke supermarket hari ini)

Possibility (kemungkinan)

Ex : you must be tired (anda pasti lelah)

Advice,recommendation (saran,rekomendasi)

Ex : you must see the new film with Brad pitt (anda harus melihat film baru dengan Brad Pitt)

- Must not/may not (tidak harus/tidak mungkin)

Prohibition (larangan)

Ex : You musn’t work on dad’s computer (anda tidak harus bekerja di computer ayah)

You may not work on dad’s computer (anda mungkin tidak bekerja pada computer ayah)

- Need not (tidak perlu)

Something is not necessary (sesuatu yang tidak diperlukan)

Ex : I needn’t go to the supermarket, we’re going to the restaurant tonight (saya tidak perlu ke supermarket, kita akan ke restoran mala mini)

- Ought to    (seharusnya)

Advice (nasihat)

Ex : you ought to drive carefully in bad weather (anda harus berkendara dengan hati hati dalam cuaca buruk )

Obligation (kewajiban)

Ex : you ought to switch off the light when you leave the room (anda harus mematikan lampu ketika anda meninggalkan ruangan)

- Shall (akan)

Suggestion (saran)

Ex : shall I carry your bag ? (akan saya membawa tas anda)

- Should (haruskah)

Advice (nasihat)

Ex : you should drive carefully in bad weather (anda harus berkendara dengan hati hati dalam cuaca buruk )

Obligation (kewajiban)

Ex : you should switch off the light when you leave the room (anda harus mematikan lampu ketika anda meninggalkan ruangan)

- Will (akan)

Wish,request,demand,order (less polite than would) {(keinginan,permintaan,permintaan,memesan (kurang sopan dari akan)}

Ex : will you please shut the door ? (tolong menutup pintu?)

Prediction,assumption (prediksi,asumsi)

Ex : I think it will rain on Friday (saya pikir itu akan hujan pada hari jumat)

Promise (janji)

Ex : I will stop smoking (saya akan berhenti merokok)

Spontaneous decision (keputusan spontan)

Ex : can somebody drive me to the station? I will (seseorang dapat mengantar saya ke stasiun ? aku akan)

Habits (kebiasaan)

Ex : she’s strange, she’ll sit for hours without talking (dia aneh, dia akan duduk berjam jam tanpa bicara)

- Would (akankah)

Wish,request (more polite than will) {(berharap,permintaan (lebih sopan dari kehendak)}

Ex : would you shut the door, please? (anda akan menutup pintu, tolong ?)

Habits in the past (kebiasaan di masa lalu

Ex : sometimes he would bring me some flowers (kadang kadang ia akan membawa saya beberapa bunga)

How to make a bracelet flashdisk

For introduction we learn to make bracelets flash easiest and simple. Step-step as follows:

1.Tool and materials

The first thing that must be done to make the bracelets flash must prepare the tools and material as follows:

·         flashdisk

·         super glue

·         scissor

·         matches

2.Step-step making bracelets

Measure bracelet that you want to make bracelets for your hands, then flasdisk the input into the bracelet using scissors.

TIPS: If you want to look more presentable, former clipping tip end portion should be burned using matchsticks.

After the input, create follow circumference bracelet becomes circular hand, then glue using super glue, and wait until dry.

3.The dried bracelet simple flash ready to decorate your hands

What the Online Shop ?

How to start a home-based business opportunities accessories business woman

Home-based business opportunities for women accessories business is one business that anti recession. When some other areas devastated by declining global economic growth, ladies accessories remain in the market is unique. Naturally women always want to look good, and accessories is one option to support the appearance.

Complex, the trend in this business is rapidly changing. So it is not a surprise when not much you can survive in this field. Some people pursue the accessories only in order to meet market demand. Once again the trend bracelet with the initials of the name, involved in selling the bracelets. Though almost all the malls and shopping centers are also selling similar bracelets with various colors and models. When the bracelet has been replaced by other models so you can imagine they were not quite able to predict which way the trend is going to walk, to be exhausted to move, until finally giving up.

Tips How to Survive in the business these accessories?

1. Define a clear target market

2. Create Trend

So what can be done to start this business?

1. Become a Reseller of products has been ascertained much demand

- Dropship

In dropship system, we can simply contact the seller first and ask to be resseler requirements of their products. Some labels / brands requires a registration fee, the rest rely on trust. The producers will share the photos that we can make a weapon in the trade, eventually enough pictures we display in the web, social networking sites or perhaps as a profile picture that we use smartphones.

- Preorder

To avoid the risk of the goods did not exist when the order came, some people apply preorder system. Usually used to display images with a certain length of time, then there is the process of manufacturing, and delivery date. To be successful using this approach, we have to make sure first that the manufacturers we are quite reliable and punctual and workmanship. Especially since these items are handmade accessories, sometimes a day so smeinggu promise, not to mention the materials used could have been lost in the market so that the degree of similarity is no longer the end result being the same as the example that we display.

- Direct Selling / Direct Sales

This is the most conventional way, goods taken anywhere addressed directly to the prospective buyer, should be tried immediately as well, while silently praying incessantly.

Unfortunately if you are not familiar, this way enough to test our mental toughness. Since this system requires that we are dealing with conditions questioned directly. The material is what? Do not change color? The exchange can not if not fit? Frankly if not ever sell, enough to make sweaty face that way.

Tips from me, do not ever tell people to buy our goods, but assure them that they need the goods we sell.

2. Educate yourself making accessories

3. Follow the training or workshop manufacture of accessories

Provide Suitable Tenses

1.       While she was trying to read, her friend (practice) the piano.

While she was trying to read, her friend was practicing the piano.

2.       He (buy) several jerseys in the last two years.

He bought several jerseys in the last two years.

3.       She (bone) the meat later

She will bone the meat later.

4.       By the time you get there they already (leave).

By the time you get there they had already leave.

5.       I (drown). Nobody (save) me.

I drowned. Nobody save me.

6.       He said she not (return) the book yet.

He said she didn’t return the book yet.

7.       What you (darn) at the moment?

What you darning at the moment?

8.       She (think) her husband will buy a new fridge.

She thought her husband will buy a new fridge.

9.       How much you (spend) in London so far?

How much you have spent in London so far?

10.   In a month’s time I (learn) more words than ever.

In a month’s time I learned more words than ever.

11.   After he (see) the giraffe he spoke to the keeper.

After  he saw the giraffe he spoke to the keeper.

12.   He (buy) weed-killer when they arrested him.

He  bought weed-killer when they arrested him.

13.   The plumbing always (give) trouble during the summer.

The plumbing always gives trouble during the summer.

14.   The trout (rise) when they reached the lake.

The trout rising when they reached the lake

15.   You (recognize) this statue?

Do you recognize this statue?

16.   They say they not (perform) tomorrow.

They say they will not perform tomorrow

17.   What you (do) since your last recital?

What are you doing since your last retical?

18.   As it (rain) he put up his umbrella.

As it raining he put up his umbrella.

19.   They (hear) Beethoven better conducted earlier in the year.

They heard Beethoven better conducted earlier in the year.

20.   What (go) on here?

What is going on here?

21.   I only just (realize) what she meant.

I only just realized what she meant.

22.   I never (plant) crocuses again.

I have never planted crocuses again.

23.   You (enjoy) yourself when I saw you at the party?

Do you enjoying yourself when I saw you at the party?

24.   I (be) to the zoo and (go) while they are still talking about visiting it.

 I was in the zoo and went while they are still talking about visiting it.

25.   She (dock) at Tilbury last week.

She docked at Tillbury last week.

26.   He always (accelerate) too quickly.

He always accelerates too quickly.

27.   You (hear) that awful noise?

Do you hear that awful noise?

28.   By the time the brigade arrived, the house (collapse).

By the time the brigade arrived, the house collapsed.

29.   I saw a new type of windscreen wiper while I (walk) round the exhibition yesterday.

I saw a new type of windscreen wiper while I walking round the exhibition yesterday.

30.   They (wait) to take off since ten this morning.

They are waiting to take off since ten this morning.

31.   She (shoot) at least three tigers in India last year.

She has shooted at least three tigers in India last years.

32.   We (see) what we (See)

We saw what we have seen.

33.   He heard an owl hooting as he (walk) through the wood.

He heard an owl hooting as he walking through the wood.

34.   They   (produce) a hundred shirts every day for two months now.

They producing a hundred shirts every day for two months now.

35.   Where you (go) when I bumped into you?

Where did you go when I bumped into you?

36.   Who (tell) the grasshopper to dance? The ant in the fable (do).

Who told the grasshopper to dance? The ant in fable did.

37.   They (wear) high heels every day last term.

They have wore high heels every day last term.

38.   What you (do) with a gun in your car?

What did you do with a gun in your car?

39.   He still not (find) his watch.

He still not found his watch.

40.   I (live) there several years before I found the nest.

I have live there several years before I found the nest.

41.   When it (sting) him?

When it stung him?

42.   She (like) cockles. Naturally she (prefer) lobster.

She likes cockles. Naturally she preferred lobster.

43.   Dragon-flies (have) very beautiful wings.

Dragon flies has very beautiful wings.

44.   Time and tide (wait) for no man, the saying (run).

Time and tide are waiting for no man, the saying “run”.

45.   I (buy) some new pruners the other day.

I bought some new pruners the other day.

46.   The girl in the pay box seldom (smile) nowadays.

The girl in the pay box seldom smile nowadays.

47.   The moment he (open) the boot the spare wheel fell out.

The moment he opening the boot the spare wheel fell out.

48.   Too many cooks (spoil) the broth.

Too many cooks spoiled the broth.

49.   He (leave) Italy by plane yesterday.

He left Italy by plane yesterday.

Example Simple Past Tense vs Present Perfect

Write the correct form of the verb in parentheses in each sentence. Choose only the simple past tense (examples: I worked, be took) or the perfect present tense (examples: I have worked, be has taken). Notice the two examples.

1. I (see) that movie already.

- I have seen that movie already

2. I (see) that movie yesterday.

- I saw that movie yesterday

3. I (read) that novel by Faulkner several times before.

- I have read that novel by Faulkner several times before

4. I (read) that novel again during my last vacation.

-  I read that novel again during my last vacation

5. Mr. Foster (study) Spanish at New York University last year.

- Mr. Foster studied at New York University last year

6. Mr. Foster (study) French in this class since last September.

- Mr. Foster had studied French in this class since  last September

7. Miss Cunningham (live) in Detroit from 1940 to 1946.

- Miss Cunningham lived in Detroit from 1940-1946

8. Miss Cunningham (live) in New York since the time.

- Miss Cunningham had lived in New York since the time

9. Our guests (have) a good time at the party last night.

- Our guests had a good time at the party last night

10. Our guests (have) a good time ever since their arrival.

- Our guests have had a good time ever since their arrival.

11. Dr. and Mrs. Duncan (see) the Coliseum  in Rome in 1948.

- Dr. and Mrs. Duncan saw the Coliseum in Rome in 1948.

12. Dr. Duncan (see) the Statue of Liberty hundreds of times.

- Dr. Duncan had seen the Statue of Liberty hundreds of times.

13. The Browns (be) in Detroit twice since Christmas.

- The Browns was in Detroit twice since Christmas.

14. The Browns (be) in San Fransisco the week before last.

- The Browns had been in San Fransisco the week before last.

15. My wife and I (travel) by air many times in the past.

- My wife and I have traveled by air many times in the past.

16. My wife and I (travel) to Mexico by air last summer.

- My wife and I traveled to Mexico by air last summer.

17. The students (finish, finally) that exercise!

- The students finally finished that exercise!

18. The students (start) that exercise about three hours ago.

- The students have started that exercise about three hours ago.

19. We (receive) the boy's telegram at 08:00 p.m. last night.

- We received the boy's telegram at 08:00 p.m. last night.

20. We (send, already) them a special delivery reply.

- We have sent them a special delivery reply already.

21. Mr. and Mrs. Hanson (visit) Paris before the last war.

- Mr. and Mrs. Hanson visited Paris before the last war.

22. Mr. and Mrs. Hanson (visit) Paris many times since the war.

- Mr. and Mrs. Hanson have visited Paris many times since the war.

23. We (study) almost every lesson in this book so far.

- We have studied almost every lesson in this book so far.

24. We (study) a very hard lesson the day before yesterday.

- We studied a very hard lesson the day before yesterday.

25. I (have) a little trouble with my car last week.

- I had a little trouble with my car last week.

26. However, I (have) no trouble with my car since then.

- However, I have had no trouble with my car since then.

27. We (watch, never) the television program.

- We never have watched the television program.

28. We (watch) an interesting program on television last night.

- We watched an interesting program on television last night.

29. That tell fellow (work) here for the past three weeks.

- That tell fellow worked here for the past three weeks.

30. Formerly, he (work) for the A.B.C. Company in Boston.

- Formerly, he had worked for the A.B.C. Company in Boston.

31. Mr. Shaw is my English teacher. He (teach) here for six years.

- Mr. Shaw is my English teacher. He have had here for six years.

32. He (finish) his Ph. D. at Yale University seven years ago.

- He finished his Ph. D. at Yale University seven years ago.

Different between Simple Past and Present Perfect

·         Different Between Simple Past And Present Perfect

For people who learn tenses in the first time, usually always feel confused with the differences between "Simple Past Tense" and "Present Perfect Tense". Because both of them have the same function which is to tell the past event. So when we were talking sometimes feel confused to choose which one we will use.

·         Simple Past Tense

(+)S + VERB 2 + O + ADVERB OF TIME (keterangan waktu)
Xeni went to Jogja yesterday
(-)S + DID + NOT + V1 + O +ADVERB OF TIME
Xeni did not go to Jogja yesterday
(?)DID + S + V 1 + O + ADVERB OF TIME
Did Xeni go to Jogja yesterday?

·         Present Perfect Tense

      

(+) S + HAVE/ HAS + VERB 3 + O
Ouwono has bought car
(-) S + HAVE/ HAS + NOT + VERB 3 + O
Ouwono has not bought car
(?) HAVE/HAS + S + V3 + O?
Has Ouwono bought car?

·         The Meaning of Simple Past and Present Perfect

Sentences above are different Simple Past Tense dan Present Perfect Tense :

A. To talk about the Simple Past
Simple Past tense is often seen with a time expression explaining when the activity  took place or how long it listed.

B. To talk about the Present Perfect Tense

The present perfect is a grammatical combination of the present perfect aspect that is used to express a past event that has present consequences.

·         What is difference ?

Present perfect simple is unfinished actions that started in the past and continue to the present. Example :

I have known Ox for 2 years ( and I still know her )

A finished action in someone's life (when the person is still alive: life experience). Example :

My sister has been to Jogja fourth times

A finished action with a result in the present. Example :

I have lost my keys ( the result is that I can’t get into my house now)

With an unfinished time word (this week, this month, today):

I have seen James this week

Past simple is finished  actions. Example :

I knew Ox for 2 years ( but then she moved              away and we lost touch )

A finished action in someone's life (when the person is dead):

My great grandmother went to Mexico three times

A finished action with no result in the present:

I lost my keys yesterday. It was terrible! ( now there is no result. I got new keys yesterday)

With a finished time word (last week, last month, yesterday):

I saw john last week